STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI SENYAWA ARTEMISININ DAN TURUNANNYA DENGAN KONSEP BIOTEKNOLOGI
Abstract
Artemisinin is a sesquiterpen lactone that was isolated from the Artemisia annua. Artemisinin was used as antimalarial since 1980, when chloroquine resistance case occurred. The demand of artemisinin as antiamalarial was not accompanied by an increase in artemisinin production. Until now, artemisinin production is obtained through isolation process of genus Artemisia. Various studies have been carried out to meet the needs of artemisinin as antimalarial drug. Some studies used biotechnology technic for example plant tissue culture, genetic engineering to modulate artemisinin biosynthetic pathway, and the addition of organic fertilizer in A.annua agriculture. Some researches added compounds which play a role  in the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A.annua cell culture, e.g mevalonic acid, sodium acetate and casein. In addition, the production of artemisinin derivatives is also carried out through biotechnology techniques using hair root culture from certain plants. Production of artemisinin is also increased by adding organic fertilizers, such as NaCl, potassium phosphate, and ammonium nitrate. Several studies also produce transgenic plants by inserting genes that encode terpenoid precursor compounds, farnesil pyrophosphate.
References
World Health Organization (WHO). 2013. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Syafruddin D, Siregar JE, Asih PBS, 2004. Antimalatisal Drug Resistance in Indonesia: A molecular analysis. Symposium of malaria control in Indonesia, Proceeding. TDC Airlangga University. Surabaya.
Burke E, Deasy J, Hasson R, McCormack R, Randhawa V, Walsh, P., 2003. Antimalarial Drug From Nature, J Trinity Student Med.
Wright CW, 2005. Traditional antimalarials and the development of novel antimalarials drugs. J etnopharmacol, Vol. 100 , p. 67-71.
Su, X., Miller, LH. 2015. The discovery of ertemnisinin and the nobel proze in physiology or medicine. Science China Life Sciences. Vo.58, 11, 1175 1179.
Grellepois, F., Grellier,P., Bonnet,DP., Beque,JP. Design, synthesis and antimalarial activity of trifluoromethylartemisinin-mefloquine dual molecules. Chembiochem. 2005. vol.6 (4), 648 – 652.
Stewart, CN. Plant biotechnology and genetics: principle, techniques, and application, 2nd edition. Wiley.
Brown, G. D. 2010. The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). Vol15(11), 7603–98.
Brown G.D, and Sy L.K. In vivo transformation of artemisinic acid in Artemisi annua plants. Tetrahedron. 2007. Vol 63 (38). 948 -9566.
Qian, Z. H., Gong, K., Zhang, L., Lv, J. B., Jing, F. Y., Wang, Y. Y., … Tang, K. X. 2007. A simple and efficient procedure to enhance artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. by seeding to salinity stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 6(June), 1410–1413.
Banerjee, S., Singh, S., & Rahman, L. U. 2012. Biotransformation studies using hairy root cultures - A review. Biotechnology Pandey, P., Singh, S., Tewari, N., Srinivas, K. V. N. S., Shukla, a, Gupta, N., … Banerjee, S. 2015. Hairy root mediated functional derivatization of artemisinin and their bioactivity analysis. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. Vol 113, 95–103. Advances. Vol 30(3), 461–468.
Pandey, P., Singh, S., Tewari, N., Srinivas, K. V. N. S., Shukla, a, Gupta, N., … Banerjee, S. 2015. Hairy root mediated functional derivatization of artemisinin and their bioactivity analysis. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. Vol 113, 95–103.
Baldi, A., & Dixit, V. K. (2008). Enhanced artemisinin production by cell cultures of Artemisia annua. Section Title: Fermentation and Bioindustrial Chemistry. Vol. 2(2), 341–348.
Feng, L.-L., Yang, R.-Y., Yang, X.-Q., Zeng, X.-M., Lu, W.-J., & Zeng, Q.-P. 2009. Synergistic re-channeling of mevalonate pathway for enhanced artemisinin production in transgenic Artemisia annua. Plant Science. Vol 177 (1). 57-67.
Alam, P., & Abdin, M. Z.2011. Over-expression of HMG-CoA reductase and amorpha-4,11-diene synthase genes in Artemisia annua L. and its influence on artemisinin content. Plant Cell Reports. Vol 30 (10). p 1919-1928
Banyai, W., Kirdmanee, C., Mii, M., & Supaibulwatana, K. 2010. Overexpression of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) gene affected artemisinin content and growth of Artemisia annua L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). Vol 103 (2). 255-265
Chen, J.-L., Fang, H.-M., Ji, Y.-P., Pu, G.-B., Guo, Y.-W., Huang, L.-L., … Wang, H. 2011. Artemisinin biosynthesis enhancement in transgenic Artemisia annua plants by downregulation of the β-caryophyllene synthase gene. Planta Medica. Vol 77 (15). 1759-1765.
Davies, M. J., Atkinson, C. J., Burns, C., Woolley, J. G., Hipps, N. a., Arroo, R. R. J., … Bentley, S. 2009. Enhancement of artemisinin concentration and yield in response to optimization of nitrogen and potassium supply to Artemisia annua. Annals of Botany. Vol 104(2), 315–323.
Gao Pu, G.-B., Ma, D.-M., Chen, J.-L., Ma, L.-Q., Wang, H., Li, G.-F., … Liu, B.-Y. 2009. Salicylic acid activates artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Plant Cell. Vol 13. 1127-1135
Ludwig-Müller, J., Jahn, L., Lippert, A., Püschel, J., & Walter, A. 2014. Improvement of hairy root cultures and plants by changing biosynthetic pathways leading to pharmaceutical metabolites: strategies and applications. Biotechnology Advances. Vol 32(6), 1168–79.
Weathers, P. J., Bunk, G., & McCoy, M. C. 2005. The effect of phytohormones on growth and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua hairy roots. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. Vol 41 . 47-53.
Aquil,S., Husaini,AM., Abdin, MZ., Rather,GM. Overexpression of HMG-CoA reductase gene leads to enhanced artemisinin biosynthesis in transgenic Artemisia annua plants. Planta medica. 2009. Vol 75 (12), 1453 -1458.
Alam, P., & Abdin, M. Z.2011. Over-expression of HMG-CoA reductase and amorpha-4,11-diene synthase genes in Artemisia annua L. and its influence on artemisinin content. Plant Cell Reports. Vol 30 (10). p 1919-1928
Banyai, W., Kirdmanee, C., Mii, M., & Supaibulwatana, K. 2010. Overexpression of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) gene affected artemisinin content and growth of Artemisia annua L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). Vol 103 (2). 255-265
Chen, J.-L., Fang, H.-M., Ji, Y.-P., Pu, G.-B., Guo, Y.-W., Huang, L.-L., … Wang, H. 2011. Artemisinin biosynthesis enhancement in transgenic Artemisia annua plants by downregulation of the β-caryophyllene synthase gene. Planta Medica. Vol 77 (15). 1759-1765.